Overview

This document provides an overview of the temperature data from the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2). MERRA-2 represents a third generation atmospheric global reanalysis produced by the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) at NASA. It begins in 1980 and it replaces the original MERRA reanalysis (Rienecker et al., 2011) using an upgraded version of the Goddard Earth Observing System Model, Version 5 (GEOS-5) data assimilation system. Alongside the meteorological data assimilation using a modern satellite database, MERRA-2 includes an interactive analysis of aerosols that feed back into the circulation, uses NASA's observations of stratospheric ozone and temperature, and takes steps towards representing cryogenic processes by including a representation of ice sheets over Greenland and Antarctica.

Provider's contact information

MERRA-2 is developed by the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) and produced through NASA's Modeling, Analysis and Prediction (MAP) program.

Data Download questions should go to the GES DISC help email: gsfc-help-disc@lists.nasa.gov

Science questions regarding MERRA-2 data be emailed to: merra-questions@lists.nasa.gov

When contacting these emails, provide specific information and links to where you have attempted the data downloads. They also ask you to familiarize yourself with the existing documentation first (MERRA-2: http://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/reanalysis/MERRA-2/docs/)

Licensing and citation

MERRA-2 data is freely available from the Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data Information Services center (DISC). Note that each MERRA-2 data collection has a citable DOI that should be used in peer-reviewed publications.

Citing MERRA-2 data has 2 steps for a full citation:

(1) First pick the correct variable here.

(2) When you click on the correct variable, it will take you to a second webpage with tabs that you can click that include: (1) documentation papers you need to cite, and (2) the correct variable citation information. You need both types of citation.

Variable name and units:

2 m temperature is available as instantaneous values for every hour. Monthly means of instantaneous diagnostics have also been computed.

inst1_2d_asm_Nx collection of data contains basic assimilated fields from IAU corrector provided on a single level as hourly instantaneous values.

instM_2d_asm_Nx collection of data contains basic assimilated fields from IAU corrector provided on a single level as monthly means of the instantaneous values.

In MERRA-2, a new collection is included for certain daily statistics computed from the model time step integration. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures are saved from the time step in which they occur and saved as a daily value, alongside the daily mean temperature (all at 2 m above the surface). Those values can be found in statD_2d_slv_Nx collection of data.

More broadly, MERRA-2 File Specification document has a comprehensive list of datasets available, as well as description of the horizontal and vertical grids.

Spatial coverage and resolution:

MERRA-2 is a global dataset. All variables are provided on the same horizontal regular latitude-longitude grid that has 576 points in the longitudinal direction and 361 points in the latitudinal direction, corresponding to a resolution of 0.625° × 0.5°.

Temporal coverage and resolution:

MERRA-2 data, is available from 1980 to present.

2 m temperature data is available at hourly and monthly time step as instantaneous value.

MERRA-2 data, is updated on a monthly base (each new month is available approximately between the 15th and 20th of the next month.).

Information about observations (number, homogeneity)

Like any other climate variable from a reanalysis product, temperature is potentially influenced by all observations assimilated into the product. MERRA-2 assimilates conventional and satellite-based observations.

Conventional observations include surface, upper air, and aircraft measurements. From land based surface meteorology stations, only surface pressure is assimilated in MERRA and MERRA-2. 2 m temperature from surface observations is not assimilated in MERRA-2. Radiosonde stations may contribute to the lower level analysis (T, Qv, U, V). Likewise, commercial aircraft can provide lower level data on the ascent and descent (T, U, V). There are also wind profilers (U,V). Over ocean, ships and buoys may provide PS, T, Qv, U and V.

Spaceborne observations include satellite radiances and retrieved measurements of the temperature and moisture fields, and satellite observations of wind (derived retrievals of surface and upper-air wind). Spaceborne observations represent the majority of the global observing system, and the percentage of the global observing system that is measured from space increases from 62% in Jan 1980 to 88% in Dec 2014. Modern hyperspectral radiance and microwave observations, along with GPS-Radio Occultation and NASA ozone datasets are now assimilated in MERRA-2.

See the MERRA-2 Observations Tech Memo for more details.

Methodology

Like any other reanalysis, MERRA-2 data is strongly influenced by the data assimilation methodology. MERRA-2 is currently being produced with the GMAO/GEOS-5 Data Assimilation System Version 5.12.4, which incorporates the Global Statistical Interpolation (GSI) analysis scheme of Wu et al., (2002). The system utilizes a revised version of the GEOS global atmospheric model (Molod et al., 2014). MERRA-2 is intended to replace the MERRA reanalysis product (which was created with GEOS-5.2.0). Details of the MERRA-2 system, including the major changes from the MERRA system, are summarized in the companion GMAO Office Note No. 10. The major motivation for replacing MERRA with MERRA-2 is the fact that the MERRA data assimilation system was frozen in 2008 and is not capable of ingesting several important new data types such as the newer microwave sounders and hyperspectral infrared radiance instruments. The GEOS-5 system actively assimilates roughly 2 × 106 observations for each analysis, including about 7.5 × 105 AIRS radiance data. The input stream is roughly twice this volume, but because of the large volume, the data are thinned commensurate with the analysis grid to reduce the computational burden. Data are also rejected from the analysis through quality control procedures.

There is a fundamental change between MERRA and MERRA-2 over land surfaces. Soil moisture in MERRA-2 is initialized using a separate observation-based precipitation product (variable PRECTOTCORR in “flx” collections). This approach improves the representation of land surface properties and runoff, and is similar to the soil moisture initialization scheme developed for MERRA-Land (Reichle et al., 2011; Reichle, 2012; Reichle and Liu, 2014). The forcing precipitation is primarily based on gauge observations at low and midlatitudes, and gradually tapers to the MERRA-2 modelled precipitation over a zonal range from 42.5° to 62.5° latitude. The forcing precipitation is entirely composed of the MERRA-2 modelled precipitation poleward of 62.5°.

MERRA-2 is produced as four production Streams, each of the first three covering approximately a third of the MERRA-2 period, with the fourth stream starting within a couple years of real time. Initial conditions for the four MERRA-2 streams were derived from MERRA with a subsequent single year spin-up period, which has not been released in MERRA-2.

Information about the technical and scientific quality

MERRA-2 replaces the original NASA MERRA reanalysis (Rienecker et al., 2011) using an upgraded version of the data assimilation system, and of the forecast model. It is accompanied by extensive technical documentation (see section below on reference to s describing the methodology or/and the dataset). It incorporates observations from the more recent satellite instruments, uses observation-corrected precipitation forcing for the land surface, includes stratospheric ozone products and assimilates interactive aerosols and observed time varying emissions.

A webpage is provided with FAQ answers here: https://gmao.gsfc.nasa.gov/reanalysis/MERRA-2/FAQ/#

Limitations and strengths for application in North Canada

Key general limitations:

• Discontinuities occur in the sea ice and SST boundary condition fields that affect certain time series analysis
• Discontinuities associated with major observing system variations do occur

References to documents describing the methodology or/and the dataset

MERRA-2 Overview:

Gelaro, R., W. McCarty, M. J. Suárez, R. Todling, A. Molod, L. Takacs, C. A. Randles, A. Darmenov, M. G. Bosilovich, R. Reichle, K. Wargan, L. Coy, R. Cullather, C. Draper, S. Akella, V. Buchard, A. Conaty, A. M. da Silva, W. Gu, G. Kim, R. Koster, R., Lucchesi, D. Merkova, J. E. Nielsen, G. Partyka, S. Pawson, W. Putman, M. Rienecker, S. D. Schubert, M. Sienkiewicz, and B. Zhao, 2017: The Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2), Journal of Climate, 30(14), 5419-5454. doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0758.1

The American Meteorological Society has a special collection of articles relevant to MERRA-2. This collection, coordinated by Mike Bosilovich, is available at http://journals.ametsoc.org/collection/MERRA2.

There are several MAO Technical Memoranda that document and evaluate different aspects of the MERRA-2 system aspects of the MERRA-2 system:

#43, Bosilovich et al. – MERRA-2: Initial Evaluation of the Climate

#45, Randles et al. – The MERRA-2 Aerosol Assimilation

#46, McCarty et al. – MERRA-2 Input Observations: Summary and Assessment

Description of the observation corrected precipitation process used in MERRA-2:
Reichle, R., Q. Liu, R. Koster, C. Draper, S. Mahanama, and G. Partyka, 2017. Land Surface Precipitation in MERRA-2. J. Clim., doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0570.1 Link.

Description of the GEOS-5 model changes between the MERRA and MERRA-2 systems:

Molod, A., L. Takacs, M. Suarez, and J. Bacmeister, 2015: Development of the GEOS-5 atmospheric general circulation model: evolution from MERRA to MERRA-2, Geosci. Model Dev., 8, 1339-1356, doi:10.5194/gmd-8-1339-2015. Link.

Description of the mass constraint used in MERRA-2:

Takacs, L. L., M. Suarez, and R. Todling, 2015: Maintaining Atmospheric Mass and Water Balance Within Reanalysis. NASA/TM–2014-104606, Vol. 37 Document.

Link to download the data and format of data:

The MERRA-2 data are available online through the Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center (DISC) (http://disc.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/mdisc/). All MERRA-2 data are organized into file collections that contain fields with common characteristics. 2 m temperature and skin temperature can be found in the following collections:

MERRA-2 inst1_2d_asm_Nx: contains basic assimilated fields from IAU corrector provided on a single level as hourly instantaneous values.

MERRA-2 instM_2d_asm_Nx: contains basic assimilated fields from IAU corrector provided on a single level as monthly means of the instantaneous values.

MERRA-2 statD_2d_slv_Nx: contains daily minimum, mean and maximum 2 m saved from the time step in which they occur as a daily value.

MERRA-2 data files are provided in netCDF-4 format. Due to the size of the MERRA-2 archive, most product collections are compressed with a GRIB like method that is invisible to the user. This method does degrade the precision of the data, but every effort has been made to ensure that differences between the product and the original, non-degraded data are not scientifically meaningful.